NP-40, also known by its CAS number 9016-45-9, is a non-ionic surfactant commonly used in various industrial, chemical, and research applications. It belongs to the family of nonylphenol ethoxylates and is known for its powerful detergent properties, ability to solubilize proteins and lipids, and compatibility with a wide range of chemical systems.

Chemical Properties

– Chemical Name: Nonylphenol Ethoxylate (approx. 9–10 ethylene oxide units)
– CAS Number: 9016-45-9
– Structure: A nonylphenol backbone with ethoxylated chains
– Form: Typically available as a liquid or viscous paste
– Solubility: Soluble in water and many organic solvents
– Non-ionic nature: Does not carry a charge, making it useful in systems where ionic surfactants would be incompatible

Common Applications (Excluding Food Use)

1. Cell Lysis and Protein Extraction

NP-40 is widely used in molecular biology for breaking open cell membranes during cell lysis to extract proteins and nucleic acids. It preserves protein structure better than harsher ionic detergents, making it ideal for immunoprecipitation, Western blotting, and enzyme activity assays.

2. Industrial Cleaning and Degreasing

Thanks to its ability to emulsify oils and greases, NP-40 is often included in cleaning agents, degreasers, and surface cleaners for industrial equipment, metal surfaces, and precision instruments.

3. Paints, Coatings, and Inks

NP-40 serves as an emulsifier and dispersing agent in the formulation of paints, coatings, and inks. It helps maintain uniform particle dispersion and enhances flow properties.

4. Textile Processing

In the textile industry, NP-40 acts as a wetting agent and detergent for scouring, dyeing, and finishing processes. It aids in removing impurities from fibers and improves dye uptake.

5. Laboratory Research and Diagnostics

In labs, NP-40 is used in buffers and solutions for:
– Cell membrane disruption
– DNA/RNA purification
– Protein solubilization and stabilization

It is particularly valued for preserving the native conformation of proteins, making it compatible with sensitive downstream applications.

Safety and Handling

– Hazard Concerns: NP-40 can be harmful to aquatic life and may have endocrine-disrupting effects due to its nonylphenol component.
– Personal Protection: Gloves, eye protection, and proper ventilation are recommended when handling.
– Disposal: Should be disposed of in accordance with local environmental regulations due to potential environmental persistence.

Regulatory Considerations

Some regions have restricted or phased out certain nonylphenol ethoxylates like NP-40 due to environmental concerns. Alternatives are often used in sensitive applications where environmental impact is a priority.

Note: NP-40 is sometimes confused with other detergents of similar name. Commercial formulations (such as Nonidet P-40) may differ slightly in composition and concentration.

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